By Revathi Ramkumar, Deputy Hub Manager, India Humanitarian Hub, Part of Start Network, India

As climate change intensifies, extreme heat is emerging as a significant humanitarian crisis. With soaring temperatures affecting vulnerable populations, the need for localised, sustainable solutions have never been more urgent. In regions like Tamil Nadu’s Karaikudi, traditional practices offer invaluable lessons in resilience, demonstrating how communities have historically adapted to extreme heat. Local organisations are now stepping up to preserve and integrate these methods into modern humanitarian responses.

The Rising Threat of Extreme Heat

Extreme heat is no longer just an environmental issue; it’s a humanitarian crisis. In India, prolonged heatwaves have caused thousands of deaths, exacerbated food and water shortages, and put immense strain on health systems. Marginalised communities, including daily wage labourers, elderly populations, and those living in poorly ventilated urban slums, bear the brunt of this crisis. Without access to cooling solutions, these groups face heightened risks of heat-related illnesses, dehydration, and long-term health complications.

Traditional Wisdom in Heat Adaptation

Karaikudi’s rich architectural heritage and indigenous craftsmanship showcase age-old strategies for combating extreme heat. Chettinad mansions, known for their high ceilings, open courtyards, and thick limestone walls, naturally regulate indoor temperatures, providing a cooling effect even during peak summer. Unlike modern concrete buildings that trap heat, these structures offer a model for sustainable, climate-resilient housing.

Similarly, the handmade Athangudi tiles, crafted using locally sourced materials, contribute to natural cooling. Unlike artificial flooring materials that retain heat, these tiles help maintain comfortable indoor temperatures. Preserving and promoting such indigenous techniques can play a crucial role in mitigating the impact of rising temperatures.

Local Organisations Leading the Charge

Several grassroots organisations in Tamil Nadu are working to integrate these traditional methods into modern climate adaptation efforts. Local artisans and builders, supported by non-profits, are reviving and promoting climate-friendly construction techniques. By advocating for policies that encourage the use of indigenous materials, these organisations are ensuring that sustainable housing solutions remain accessible and affordable.

In addition to architecture, handloom weaving communities in Karaikudi are preserving another heat-mitigation strategy, which is lightweight, breathable textiles. Traditional Chettinad cotton sarees, woven by skilled artisans, are designed to keep wearers cool in high temperatures. Supporting these communities not only sustains cultural heritage but also enhances climate resilience through the promotion of heat-adaptive clothing.

Bridging Traditional and Modern Responses

As extreme heat continues to pose serious challenges, a collaborative approach is needed. Humanitarian organisations, policymakers, and researchers must work alongside local communities to scale up traditional cooling solutions. Incorporating passive cooling techniques into urban planning, promoting heat-resistant construction, and investing in indigenous craftsmanship can provide long-term relief from extreme temperatures.

By learning from past wisdom and amplifying local resilience efforts, we can combat extreme heat in a sustainable, community-driven way. The key lies in recognising that solutions to modern climate crises may often be found in the traditional knowledge of the past.

Disclaimer: The views expressed in this piece are those of the author/s and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of AIDMI.