By Md. Abul Kalam Azad, Senior Environmental & Social Safeguard Specialist, Local Govt. Engineering Department (LGED), Dhaka, Bangladesh  

Introduction

Bangladesh, one of the most climate-vulnerable countries in the world, is experiencing a rapid rise in urban temperatures due to climate change, rapid urbanisation, and loss of green cover. Cities like Dhaka, Chattogram, and Khulna are increasingly experiencing Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects, which lead to public health concerns, increased energy demands, and reduced livability. To address this, integrating nature-based cooling solutions (NbCS) into urban infrastructure offers a sustainable, cost-effective, and resilient approach.

What is NbCS?

NbCS refer to the strategic use of natural systems, such as trees, green roofs, wetlands, and water bodies, to mitigate urban temperatures. These systems reduce heat through shading, evapotranspiration, and by reflecting solar radiation. Unlike conventional cooling systems, they offer co-benefits such as improved air quality, enhanced biodiversity, and better mental health outcomes.

Key Strategies for Integration in Bangladesh:

1. Urban Greening and Tree Plantation:
   Expanding urban green cover by planting native tree species along roads, parks, and residential areas can significantly reduce surface and ambient temperatures. In Dhaka, studies show that tree-shaded areas can be 2–4°C cooler than non-shaded zones. Trees also improve air quality and reduce noise pollution.
2. Green Roofs and Vertical Gardens:
   In densely built-up cities, rooftop and vertical gardens offer viable cooling alternatives. They act as insulation layers, reducing indoor temperatures and minimising air conditioning use. Encouraging green roofs in public buildings, schools, and hospitals can set examples and stimulate private adoption.
3. Blue Infrastructure and Water Bodies:
   Restoring and integrating lakes, canals, and ponds within city planning not only enhances aesthetic appeal but also moderates local temperatures. Water bodies absorb and dissipate heat while supporting aquatic ecosystems. Cities like Rajshahi have shown success in integrating restored water bodies to combat heat.
4. Permeable Surfaces and Urban Forests:
   Replacing concrete pavements with permeable surfaces allows rainwater infiltration and reduces heat retention. Urban forests in underutilised public lands can serve as temperature sinks, contributing to overall thermal comfort.
5. Policy Integration and Urban Planning:
   For effective implementation, urban development plans must embed NbCS in building codes, zoning laws, and infrastructure design. National urban policy and city master plans should prioritise climate-resilient planning with adequate budgets and institutional support.

Challenges and Opportunities

While land scarcity, institutional inertia, and lack of awareness pose challenges, Bangladesh’s commitment to the Mujib Climate Prosperity Plan and SDGs offers a policy window for NbCS adoption. Community participation, public-private partnerships, and donor support can also accelerate implementation.

Conclusion

Nature-based cooling solutions present a crucial opportunity for Bangladesh to create healthier, more resilient cities. By weaving nature into the urban fabric, cities can not only combat heat stress but also foster sustainable urban ecosystems for future generations.

Disclaimer: The views expressed in this piece are those of the author/s and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of AIDMI.